What type of esophageal cancer is most commonly associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Adenocarcinoma is the type of esophageal cancer most commonly associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The pathophysiology behind this association involves the chronic inflammation and damage to the esophageal lining caused by the acidic reflux. Over time, this can lead to Barrett's esophagus, a premalignant condition where the normal squamous cells of the esophagus are replaced by columnar cells. Barrett's esophagus significantly increases the risk of developing adenocarcinoma due to the cellular changes and dysplasia that occur in this condition.

In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma, while it can occur in the esophagus, is more closely linked to risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and certain nutritional deficiencies, rather than GERD. Small cell carcinoma is a type of neuroendocrine tumor that typically originates in the lungs and is not associated with the esophagus. Lymphomas are hematological malignancies and rarely occur in the esophagus, primarily being related to underlying systemic conditions rather than local irritants like acid reflux. Therefore, adenocarcinoma stands out as the primary esophageal cancer linked to chronic GERD.