What surgical procedure is commonly performed for achalasia?

Pneumatic dilation is the most commonly performed procedure for treating achalasia, a condition characterized by the inability of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. This disorder leads to symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), regurgitation, and chest pain.

During pneumatic dilation, a balloon is inserted into the esophagus and inflated at the level of the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflation of the balloon disrupts the muscular fibers of the sphincter, thereby relieving the obstruction and allowing for better passage of food into the stomach. This minimally invasive procedure effectively reduces symptoms for many patients and is often considered the first-line management when surgical intervention is necessary.

Other surgical options exist but are less frequently performed as first-line treatments for achalasia. For example, an esophagectomy involves removing a part or the entirety of the esophagus and is typically reserved for severe cases or complications rather than straightforward achalasia. Fundoplication is primarily used for gastroesophageal reflux disease, not achalasia, while gastric bypass is a procedure designed for weight loss and does not address the esophageal motility problems associated with achalasia.